Consortium blockchains blend aspects of private and public blockchains, maintained cooperatively by selected members. They offer a more decentralized approach than private blockchains, with consensus methods varying (Dib et al. 2018). Moreover, our research expands on the findings of Zaman et al.82, Panarello et al.83, and Kuo et al.84, who provide thorough analyses of IoT and blockchain but do not focus on IoMT protection. We ensure patient data privacy and compliance with healthcare regulations through specific IoMT security solutions. The work of Aggarwal et al.85 and Ahmadi et al.86, which focuses on IoT without blockchain, is further developed upon in our study.
Beyond Bitcoin: A new case for novel payment systems
Although blockchain announcements are less frequent and happen with less fanfare than they did a few years ago, blockchain technology has the potential to result in a radically different competitive future. For an overview of digital assets, which include cryptocurrencies, start with Demystifying cryptocurrency and digital assets. We provide an introduction into the mechanics of the digital asset world, how it functions, the various categories of assets, and where the future of this space could lead. Cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange, created and stored electronically on the blockchain, using cryptographic techniques to verify the transfer of funds and an algorithm to control the creation of monetary units. Take an introductory course on Coursera to start building your knowledge base and find the right fit for you. As opportunities in blockchain technology continue to grow, you can develop your skills in line with the industry.
Blockchain also has potential applications beyond digital assets, such as bitcoin and cryptocurrency
This ensures consensus even when a minority of individuals show unpredictable behaviour. A new block is appended when most verification pairs exceeding two-thirds result in the same conclusion111. The authors propose a reputation-based crypto and blockchain articles Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) consensus approach to determine the official blockchain efficiently. Several other consensus mechanisms are now being employed, including PoA112, Quorum Chain8, and Raft113.
- The first block of a blockchain is commonly known as the genesis block (Nakamoto 2008).
- DigiCash was founded by David Chaum to create a digital-currency system that enabled users to make untraceable, anonymous transactions.
- Every node has its own copy of the blockchain and the network must algorithmically approve any newly mined block for the chain to be updated, trusted and verified.
- This can help prevent unauthorized access to patient data and ensure the integrity of the data171.
- IPFS, Filecoin, Sia, Stroj, and Swarm are some instances of DLT layers (Orhan et al. 2021; Warnat-Herresthal et al. 2021).
Public Blockchains vs Private Blockchains
A framework known as HPA is a health prescriptions framework with special access for medical IoT devices181. These IoT devices are given an SAT, indicating that the IoT device has been authenticated and can make service requests to the network182. All patient data, including medical history, test results, and other relevant information, is stored on the blockchain. A health chain is another blockchain-based platform that uses smart contracts to manage the sharing and access of patient data183. A hybrid health data platform was proposed by Alkhateeb et al.184 and combines a centralized data warehouse and a blockchain-based decentralized data repository.
Comparison of existing blockchain technologies
It contains information such as the reference and year, application focus, keywords used, period covered, number of citations, and checkboxes indicating the existence of AI (ML, DL, FL, RL, XAI) and blockchain (BC) technology. Alzheimer’s disease, COVID-19, e-health, cancer care, public health, https://www.tokenexus.com/ EHR management systems, and healthcare insurance are among the topics covered in the review papers. Our proposed review comprehensively covers various facets of healthcare and heavily emphasizes both AI and blockchain, demonstrating a holistic approach to the integration of both technologies.